1.  Guru：如果Upwork的服務(wù)費(fèi)讓您感到困惑，Guru是一個(gè)更合理的選擇。超過一百萬的自由職業(yè)者使用此平臺(tái)來查找固定價(jià)格和每小時(shí)的工作。

2.  Freelancer：在Freelancer上，您可以申請(qǐng)自由職業(yè)，并提交設(shè)計(jì)競(jìng)賽的作品。它是市場(chǎng)上一個(gè)相對(duì)較新的平臺(tái)，但已經(jīng)擁有大量的客戶基礎(chǔ)。

3.  我們遠(yuǎn)程工作：一個(gè)工作板，提供各種自由職業(yè)者的服務(wù)，包括客戶服務(wù)，編程等。在網(wǎng)站上發(fā)布工作的唯一規(guī)則是不需要辦公室！

4.  Fiverr：在這里，您可以提供幾乎任何種類的自由職業(yè)者服務(wù)，起價(jià)為每個(gè)項(xiàng)目5美元。別讓這讓您失望，如果您設(shè)置合適的演出，您每天可以輕松賺取數(shù)百美元。

5.  現(xiàn)場(chǎng)：在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域精心策劃的自由職業(yè)者市場(chǎng)。這是一個(gè)僅限邀請(qǐng)的平臺(tái)，您必須提供一些工作實(shí)例以供錄取。

6.  Folyo：一個(gè)平臺(tái)，將企業(yè)與自由職業(yè)者和有影響力的人聯(lián)系起來，以審核他們的需求，并將其推薦給可能適合工作的不同自由職業(yè)者。

7.  Matchist：任何人都可以提交想要實(shí)現(xiàn)的項(xiàng)目構(gòu)想的平臺(tái)。Matchist將分配一個(gè)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理，然后將他們與“專家”進(jìn)行匹配以使其實(shí)現(xiàn)。成為他們的專家之一，并開始從工作機(jī)會(huì)中受益！

8.  Mechanical Turk：由Amazon經(jīng)營(yíng)，它是一個(gè)平臺(tái)，將企業(yè)和開發(fā)人員與按需勞動(dòng)力聯(lián)系起來，以完成他們的項(xiàng)目。參加，您可以通過從事HIT（人類智能任務(wù)）賺錢。

10.  The Muse：一個(gè)提供可搜索數(shù)據(jù)庫的平臺(tái)，該數(shù)據(jù)庫包含世界各地公司的80,000多個(gè)職位。

以下是79個(gè)當(dāng)前活躍站點(diǎn)的列表，您現(xiàn)在可以訪問這些站點(diǎn)來找到自由職業(yè)者。貨比三家，找到那些最適合您的自由職業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。

11.  的確：將來自互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上工作機(jī)會(huì)的數(shù)據(jù)全部集中在一處。您可以在網(wǎng)站上輕松找到2,000多個(gè)遠(yuǎn)程工作機(jī)會(huì)。

12.  自由職業(yè)者： 專為自由職業(yè)者設(shè)計(jì)的社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)。您可以設(shè)置個(gè)人資料，設(shè)置費(fèi)率并在網(wǎng)站上申請(qǐng)職位發(fā)布。客戶還可以為您提供出現(xiàn)在您的個(gè)人資料上的“榮譽(yù)”積分。

13. Skip the Drive: Offers a database of searchable remote and telecommute jobs in business, accounting, web development, human resources, customer service, engineering, and more.

14. Virtual Vocations: A hand-selected database of online telecommute jobs from more than 2,500 vetted companies. The website updates with more than 450 new jobs every day.

15. Rat Race Rebellion: A platform that helps people find work-from-home jobs and earn extra cash. It hosts a job board with over 100,000 positions listed so far.

16. Working Nomads: Working Nomads offers a curated list of job openings delivered right to your inbox. It’s catered to people who want the freedom to work anywhere in the world.

17. Remotive: Offers a job board of freelance positions in marketing, sales, engineering, human resources, and a few other areas.

18. FlexJobs: FlexJobs is all about finding you flexible, telecommute jobs. All positions are hand-screened and legitimate by their guarantee!

19. PeoplePerHour: Originally designed for freelance needs in the UK, PeoplePerHour is still dominated by these businesses and freelancers. However there are job opportunities from around the world for freelancers everywhere.

20. Crowdsite: On Crowdsite, employers post a 140-character shout describing their freelance needs. You can be considered for the job by responding to the tweet-like post.

21. YunoJuno: YunoJuno is another great platform that helps connect businesses with top freelancers. It also offers features to support contracts and invoices.

22. Just Answer: Become a Just Answer expert and start answering people’s questions on a freelance basis. Topics include mechanics, electrical engineering, computers, education, and more.

23. Krop: A job board for all sorts of positions, from marketing to design, administration and more. With a free trial, you can build a creative portfolio and find jobs.

24. CloudPeeps: An online community helping businesses find local or remote professionals to help with their marketing, content creation, designs and more.

25. MeFi Jobs: MeFi is all about location. You can search for jobs posted by other members and see how far they are from you, based on your latitude and longitude.

26. Aquent: A community of creative, digital, marketing and technical professionals from around the world that you can be a part of. As a team member, you can help fill gaps in digital and marketing staff for various companies in their network.

27. Project4Hire: Project4Hire is an online freelancing platform for all sorts of services including IT, web development, translation, and more. You have to pay a 5% project fee at the beginning of every project, but it will be refunded if the client falls through.

28. iFreelance: iFreelance is another platform for many different kinds of freelancers, including writers, coders, and marketers. As far as I know, it’s also the only platform out there that lets you keep 100% of your earnings!

29. Damongo: Damongo calls itself the #1 website for micro jobs online! A lot like Fiverr, you can get paid for completing a wide variety of simple tasks related to graphic design, business, music, audio, and more.

30. LinkedIn ProFinder: A professional services marketplace helping businesses find the best freelance or independent professionals in their area. It's currently only available to businesses and freelancers in the U.S.

Tutoring

Do you have a teachable skill? Chances are there’s someone out there who needs your tutoring services. Whether it be a high school subject, a language, or just about anything else, there are platforms out there that make it easy to teach online. Here are a few to check out in your freelance job search:

31. Tutor.com: Tutor.com is the Internet’s #1 tutoring site, delivering more than 15 million tutoring sessions so far. Become a tutor on the site and you can start coaching people through all sorts of subjects.

32. Chegg Tutors: This platform offers flexible tutoring opportunities starting at $20/hour. According to their site, top tutors can earn as much as $1,000/month. The more you build your reputation, the more you can earn.

33. TutorVista: TutorVista is another popular tutoring site with more than 10 million live sessions served. You can work through monthly packages with your students or by an hourly rate.

Writing

Want to become one of the top freelance writers online? There are plenty of job opportunities out there waiting to get you a byline and more exposure. Here are some job sites just for freelance writers:

34. Online Writing Jobs: A place to find writing gigs online. It can be blogging, writing research reports, creating feature articles for magazines, and more.

35. DailyPosts: DailyPosts is a freelance writing agency that uses a virtual office to manage production. Become one of their top writers to find freelance writing gigs from around the world.

36. Canadian Freelance Writing Jobs: This platform is designed just for Canada, but as long as you can write using Canadian English spelling, you’re golden!

37. Textbroker: Founded way back in 2005, Textbroker is a platform that connects businesses with professional writers. Become one of their authors to start earning money through their prestige and network of clients.

38. JournalismJobs: Journalism Jobs is an online database of open positions and freelance opportunities in print, broadcast, and digital media. Many of the jobs listed are full-time and location-based though.

39. MediaBistro: MediaBistro is another great job board that writers, editors, and other media professionals can use to connect with magazines and trade publications in their industry. The site features thousands of telecommute jobs writers can apply for.

40. The Shelf: If you’re a blogger and freelance writer, The Shelf is a good opportunity for you. On the platform, you can connect with other businesses and become an influencer to help them reach the right audience.

41. Problogger Jobs: Problogger Jobs is a job board for open writing positions as a blogger. You can find regular postings in all sorts of blogging niches.

Local/offline freelance jobs

Of course, freelancing isn’t all about working from your computer! There are plenty of offline contract jobs you can take on to start earning extra money. Here are some sites that are designed to help you find local/offline work:

42. TaskRabbit: An app that connects people with local freelancers to help them out with just about anything they need. It could be something as simple as walking their dog, or hiring a professional plumber.

43. Uber: Uber has just about replaced cab services in a lot of towns. Sign up for the app and get approved as one of their drivers, and you can start earning cash driving people around your town.

44. Lyft: Lyft is Uber’s biggest competitor in the transport services market. They’re worth a look!

45. Sidecar: Sidecar is an up-and-coming transport services alternative you can check out as well. They focus on offering rideshare services so you can save money on your regular commute.

46. LocalSolo: LocalSolo is an online platform to help businesses find freelancers based in their city. It’s still in its early stages, but to date has curated a network of over 25,000 local freelancers.

47. Localancers: A freelancer/digital nomad directory combining local cooperation and international outsourcing. It uses your location to help companies find people who work in their preferred time zone.

48. Bark: Bark is designed to help businesses find help with just about any kind of service locally, whether it be car repairs, photography, accounting, or more. The site is catered to helping people find someone close by that can help.

49. Wonolo: Wonolo is an on-demand staffing platform helping businesses find temporary or contract staffing for their needs. You can become a pre-screened worker in a variety of fields, including general labor, administration, delivery, warehouse operations, and more.

50. Ozlance: Ozlance is all about helping businesses in Australia and New Zealand find the freelancers in their country. The site supports all sorts of freelance opportunities.

Photography

Have a nice camera and an eye for photography? That’s all you really need to start earning money as a freelance photographer. Here are a few websites that will help you find paid freelance photography gigs online:

51. Freelance Photographer Jobs: This website is a curated database of photography job opportunities in the U.S., UK and Canada.

52. Photography Jobs: Photography Jobs Online is a site where you can submit your photos to sell to millions of potential buyers. You can choose from all kinds of photography jobs on the site and earn up to $125 per photo.

53. Get Photography Jobs: This is a searchable database of photography jobs from around the U.S. based on state.

54. The Creative Loft: This is another searchable database of photography jobs from around the U.S. It includes job opportunities in fields such as weddings, technical photography, travel, studio, portrait, and more. You can sort the job list by “freelance.”

Tech

Tech workers are probably the most in-demand in the world. Businesses struggle to find contract workers who can help them with their technology needs, while hiring a full-time employee just isn’t in the cards. Luckily, there are plenty of sites out there designed to help tech contractors like you find companies you can help:

55. PowertoFly: PowertoFly is an online community charged with connecting women tech workers to their dream jobs, whether they be in office, flexible, or remote.

56. Authentic Jobs: Authentic Jobs calls itself the leading job board for designers, hackers, and creative pros. Some of the positions available are in-house full time, but remote freelance opportunities also come up.

57. Stack Overflow: Stack Overflow is one of the most popular job boards for employers to find tech freelancers. Some of the jobs listed are location-based, but you can also search for remote positions.

58. Sologig: Sologig is a searchable database of engineering and IT jobs. You can search for positions based on keywords or location. There are many remote options available.

59. Dice: Dice is an online search platform for tech jobs. You can easily search based on job title or keywords and location to find the perfect tech position for you.

60. Gigster: Gigster connects companies and entrepreneurs with developers, designers and project managers to help them with their projects. Become one of their vetted developers and you might get opportunities to work with tech titans.

61. FreelancerMap: FreelancerMap can help you find freelance, contract positions in the IT industry from around the world.

Web design and development

If those general tech sites weren’t enough for you, there are plenty of other opportunities out there in the industry. Here are some other freelance sites that will help you find jobs in web development, design, and other creative projects.

62. Joomlancers: Joomlancers is a job board for freelance projects related to Joomla, Drupal, OScommerce, Vbulletin, WordPress, Magento and more. Some are simple gigs that take only a little time to complete and some are quite complex.

63. Hirable: Hirable connects businesses with freelance developers for short or long term freelance projects. You’ll need to be pre-screened before Hirable can start connecting you with potential clients.

64. Gun.io: A platform for developers and designers to meet up with companies who need freelance work done. Big name companies like Amazon, Zappos, and LonelyPlanet have found freelancers through this site.

65. Smashing Magazine: The Smashing Magazine job board is another great place where freelance developers and designers can find job opportunities.

66. WordPress Jobs: This is the official WordPress job board where freelancers can find jobs in theme development, plugin development, site optimization, and more.

67. WPHired: This is another platform focused on helping you find freelance jobs related to WordPress needs, including design, plugin development, theme development and more. Occasionally blogging and site management job opportunities are posted as well.

68. 99Designs: 99Designs is the go-to site on the web for businesses who need logos, websites, and other material designed. Businesses post opportunities and designers submit their creations. If they choose yours, you’ll receive a predetermined amount of money.

69. DesignCrowd: DesignCrowd is a marketplace people go to get their logos, websites, posters, and other digital designs made. Like 99Designs, you need to participate in design contests to earn money.

70. SquadHelp: This crowdsourcing marketplace is another contest-based platform for designing logos, slogans, and other marketing materials. You submit your creations to a client contest, and if they like it the best, you win the money.

71. EnvatoStudio: EvantoStudio (formerly FreelanceSwitch) is a place where developers and other freelance creatives can find work opportunities. You have to apply to be a service provider, then you can set your own price through the platform.

72. Behance: Behance offers a job board for creative professionals such as graphic designers, digital artists, and more. You can find a job based on your location, skills, and other qualifications.

73. ArtWanted: Are you an artist looking to get paid for your work? Join ArtWanted, an online community to showcase your work and network with other artists. Art you post on the site can be purchased as original work so you earn some profits!

74. DesignHill: DesignHill calls itself the world’s largest graphic design marketplace. Customers post design contests to the site that freelance designers can submit to. Whichever design is chosen gets a pre-defined monetary reward.

75. Coroflot: Coroflot is catered to creative professionals. Designers post their portfolios to the site and companies post their job openings. Coroflot will make the connections.

76. Dribble: A job board for designers. Employers have to pay a several hundred dollar fee to start posting jobs, so you know they’re serious (and have some money to spend).

77. Juiiicy: Juiicy is private online community for freelance designers. Here you can find jobs and get referral opportunities from your designer peers.

Other

If those job categories weren’t enough for you, here are a couple more specialty sites to help you find very specific job opportunities:

78. Toptal: Toptal is catered to businesses looking for talent in the finance industry, including consultants, financial modeling and valuation, fundraising, market research, and more. You have to apply to the site to become one of their freelance finance experts.

79. Traction: If you’re a marketing professional on the lookout for brands or advertisers to work with, then you’ll want to check out Traction. This platform will help set you up with potential clients as one of their marketing partners.

國(guó)外主要外包接活站點(diǎn)21個(gè)：

No.1 Freelancer.com （舊稱GAF – GetAFreelancer）: 國(guó)外訪問人數(shù)最多，更新速度最快的外包平臺(tái)。詳細(xì)介紹

No.2 Elance : 國(guó)外比較成熟的三大業(yè)務(wù)外包平臺(tái)之一，外包項(xiàng)目類型以軟件和網(wǎng)站為主。當(dāng)年Digg 站點(diǎn)的創(chuàng)始人就是通過這個(gè)站點(diǎn)找到開發(fā)人員的。該站點(diǎn)上大的項(xiàng)目不少，因此也就吸引了很多俄羅斯和印度的軟件外包公司在上面進(jìn)行投標(biāo)。詳細(xì)介紹

No.3 oDesk : 是懸賞機(jī)制和信譽(yù)評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng)最為嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)耐獍军c(diǎn)，對(duì)服務(wù)提供者(Freelancer們)的能力評(píng)價(jià)機(jī)制很具體，成為正式會(huì)員要通過一個(gè)耗時(shí)一小時(shí)左右的基 礎(chǔ)知識(shí)測(cè)試。該站點(diǎn)上的外包項(xiàng)目都不大，從懸賞金額來看，都是小項(xiàng)目的開發(fā)工作，而且比較集中性的針對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的開發(fā)，比如 .net、C 、PHP 等等；項(xiàng)目來源多數(shù)是北美；歐洲，還有一個(gè)比較突出的特點(diǎn)是，買家可以通過Webcam 來”監(jiān)督”項(xiàng)目進(jìn)程。詳細(xì)介紹

No.4 ScriptLance : 在美國(guó)本土較為流行的一個(gè)外包站點(diǎn)，網(wǎng)站開發(fā)和網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)類的活居多。詳細(xì)介紹

No.5 GetACoder : 從它名字就可以知道這個(gè)平臺(tái)的側(cè)重點(diǎn)了：網(wǎng)站或軟件開發(fā)類的項(xiàng)目為主，適合具備一定項(xiàng)目經(jīng)驗(yàn)的編程人員和設(shè)計(jì)人員；成為其高級(jí)會(huì)員每月需花費(fèi)$7.95，在外包站點(diǎn)中已經(jīng)算比較低廉了。詳細(xì)介紹

No.6 iFreelance : 和其他幾個(gè)站點(diǎn)不同之處是買家以公司為主，算是國(guó)外項(xiàng)目網(wǎng)站中的后起之秀,每天訪問量也不小。

No.7 Guru.com : Guru是個(gè)流行沒多久的英文單詞，源自梵文，其實(shí)就是Master(大師)、Expert(專家)的意思。該網(wǎng)站成立于2004年，總部設(shè)在美國(guó)。

No.8 RentACoder（vWorker ): 名稱和特點(diǎn)都和GetACoder類似，側(cè)重于軟件開發(fā)類項(xiàng)目；如果要想在上面取得項(xiàng)目，你的主要競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手將主要是俄羅斯及東歐國(guó)家的程序員。（更新，RentACoder已改名為vWorker）

關(guān)于Rent A Coder（現(xiàn)改名為vWorker）創(chuàng)始人

程序員伊恩.伊波利托（Ian Ippolito）是最早利用眾包機(jī)遇的先驅(qū)之一，他于2002年成立了Rent A Coder公司，這家位于佛羅里達(dá)州的網(wǎng)站，將全球所有自由程序員聯(lián)系到一起。如今，136，837家采購方及285，700個(gè)程序員共同組成了他的眾包 商業(yè)帝國(guó)。在這里，企業(yè)貼出工作邀約是免費(fèi)的，一旦交易達(dá)成，該公司會(huì)抽取總交易金額6%～15%的提成。2008年，該公司的收入為240萬美元，比 2004年翻了一番還多。今年，伊波利托預(yù)測(cè)將有300萬美元的進(jìn)賬。同時(shí)，他還會(huì)將公司的名字改為vWorker.com，讓它看起來更像虛擬工作者的 交流園地。

No.9 Bizreef.com : 剛剛興起的外包平臺(tái)，用戶和任務(wù)發(fā)布數(shù)量增加都非?？臁?/p>

No.10 Mturk.com : 如果你目前除了英語外還沒有其他特別的技能，但又想體驗(yàn)下外包是怎么一回事，那么這個(gè)站點(diǎn)是最合適的練習(xí)場(chǎng)所了。亞馬遜的“Mechanical Turk”網(wǎng)站(mturk.com)是一個(gè)眾包(crowdsourcing ) 平臺(tái)；眾包指的是一個(gè)公司或機(jī)構(gòu)把過去由員工執(zhí)行的工作任務(wù)，以自由自愿的形式外包給非特定的(而且通常是大型的)大眾網(wǎng)絡(luò)的做法。在mturk.com 上每個(gè)任務(wù)被分為很多個(gè)人工智能任務(wù)包(HIT)，發(fā)起人把任務(wù)以HITs的形式給出，承接人(即Freelancer)瀏覽這些任務(wù)并完成，最后得到一 定報(bào)酬(通過亞馬遜賬戶或者現(xiàn)金支付)。

No.11 Task Market : 該平臺(tái)由微軟兩個(gè)研究小組(Microsoft Research Asia 和 Microsoft Office Labs)聯(lián)合發(fā)布。Task Market定位非常明確，是非技術(shù)性的。目前的工作種類只限于寫、編輯、翻譯、以及簡(jiǎn)單基礎(chǔ)的設(shè)計(jì)。在Task Market上用戶可以提供一定的費(fèi)用來尋找工作承包者，然后使用eBay’s PayPal 進(jìn)行金錢的支付。這個(gè)平臺(tái)上的用戶量和任務(wù)發(fā)布數(shù)都不是很多。（更新：微軟公司已經(jīng)停止運(yùn)作該平臺(tái)）

No.12 Proz.com : 國(guó)外影響力最大的翻譯外包平臺(tái)，有很多翻譯項(xiàng)目，從事翻譯工作的Freelancer們可以關(guān)注下。

No.13 EU Freelance : 和GAF (Get A Freelancer)有聯(lián)盟關(guān)系的外包平臺(tái)，專注于歐洲市場(chǎng)，所以來自歐洲的服務(wù)買家比較多一些，費(fèi)用當(dāng)然也是按歐元結(jié)算的。

No.14 PeoplePerHour.com : 該站點(diǎn)成立于2007年，創(chuàng)始人是一位名叫Xenios Thrasyvoulou的劍橋畢業(yè)生，他意識(shí)到中小型企業(yè)雇傭長(zhǎng)期員工來完成項(xiàng)目或任務(wù)要比雇傭短期的自由職業(yè)者付出更多費(fèi)用，而網(wǎng)絡(luò)上提供給企業(yè)和Freelancer 雙方來接洽的優(yōu)秀平臺(tái)并不多，于是他并有了設(shè)立這個(gè)站點(diǎn)的想法；他的目標(biāo)是把peopleperhour.com建設(shè)成為兼具Facebook（SNS：社會(huì)化網(wǎng)絡(luò)）和Ebay（有良好的評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng)）特點(diǎn)的小型項(xiàng)目外包平臺(tái)。

No.15 Djangogigs.com : 專門為Django框架技術(shù)開發(fā)人員和服務(wù)需求者提供的外包平臺(tái)。

No.16 37signals Job Board : 著名的美國(guó)項(xiàng)目管理軟件開發(fā)商37signals旗下的外包接活平臺(tái)。

No.17 Joomlancers.com : 專門為各類開源CMS（主要是Joomla）程序員和網(wǎng)站運(yùn)營(yíng)者設(shè)立的外包服務(wù)交易平臺(tái)。

No.18 Job Board Freelance Switch : 由最大的Freelancer博客站點(diǎn)Freelance Switch 提供的外包項(xiàng)目免費(fèi)發(fā)布平臺(tái)。

No.19 99designs.com : 專門發(fā)布網(wǎng)站、logo設(shè)計(jì)等相關(guān)外包項(xiàng)目的接活平臺(tái)，99designs在一年又四個(gè)月內(nèi)創(chuàng)造了524萬美元（1.6億元臺(tái)幣）的平臺(tái)交易量，可謂新銳 外包平臺(tái)里的佼佼者；99designs以其“小比賽”的發(fā)包模式而出名，什么意思呢？原來，所有的99designs的「項(xiàng)目」，都是以「比賽」的形式 來推出。大部份的外包項(xiàng)目都只是設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)logo之類的，一般來說大概花設(shè)計(jì)師最多一～二天的時(shí)間，所以這些都是「小比賽」，而目前正在進(jìn)行中的「比賽」 的價(jià)錢大約從300美元到800美元都有；如果你是設(shè)計(jì)師，你可以選其中一個(gè)比賽，然后在限期內(nèi)交出你的作品，如果作品被業(yè)主所選中了，那你就會(huì)得到那筆 獎(jiǎng)金，如果沒中，SORRY！那就做了白工了。

No.20  墻上的設(shè)計(jì)工作  ：由加拿大著名自由網(wǎng)頁設(shè)計(jì)師Nick La  建立的網(wǎng)站及圖形設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目招標(biāo)站點(diǎn)，項(xiàng)目雖然不多，但因?yàn)樵谏厦姘l(fā)布招標(biāo)信息需要付一筆費(fèi)用，因此這些招標(biāo)者都是真正想要尋找相關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)師為自己做項(xiàng)目的。

No.21  Workstir  ：剛上線不久的外包平臺(tái)，其創(chuàng)始人為oDesk的產(chǎn)品經(jīng)理。

No.21  DesignCrowd  ：上面的項(xiàng)目都是設(shè)計(jì)類的，如果你是Logo或者網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)高手的話，那么這個(gè)網(wǎng)站是最適合你的。

聲明：本資料偏置網(wǎng)絡(luò)，文章僅代表作者個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)，不代表百曉堂任何身份和立場(chǎng)。